Their function is to limit the input transient large voltage pulse and clamp it at a certain protection level, eliminate the input transient large pulse current by bypass shunt to prevent it from entering the system, and discharge the input surge energy to avoid damaging the system. At present, surge protective devices are widely used to suppress surges. Surges can enter the system through power supplies, signal input ends, or ground wires, so they should be suppressed at ports on the surge input channels. Therefore, surge voltage (current) cannot be allowed to enter the equipment, and targeted protection and control measures must be taken to effectively suppress the amplitude of surge voltage (current). If such surge voltage (current) enters the system, it will cause serious damage to electronic components and circuit components, and even breakdown or burning. Generally, the ability of semiconductor devices to withstand impulse voltage is only 30~100 V, and the ability to withstand impulse current is about 100 mA~ 1A. The surge voltage can be as high as thousands of volts and the surge current can be as high as hundreds to tens of thousands of amps. In some cases, lightning will produce powerful current or voltage pulses that strike the system like a surge.
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